A Surge of Afghan Nationals Exit Pakistan: What Led to This Massive Movement?

In an unprecedented wave, over 860,000 Afghan nationals have left Pakistan since September 2023. This massive exodus marks a significant chapter in the region’s migratory patterns. According to Hindustan Times, the movement has primarily been through border crossings in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), reflecting geopolitical shifts and policy changes.

Root Causes of the Departure

The primary catalyst for this exodus was Pakistan’s phase-wise repatriation initiative. Launched on April 1, as the deadline for voluntary return of the Afghan Citizen Cards (ACC) expired, the initiative’s second phase saw an acceleration in repatriation efforts. The initial phase began in 2023 with a government directive aimed at sending back Afghans residing unlawfully.

The Numbers at a Glance

Since the initiative’s inception, official data indicates that more than half a million Afghans exited through KP’s border crossings. This organized transition has seen a blend of voluntary departures and enforced deportations. For instance, 5,000 Afghans were reported to have left in just one day, blending those who voluntarily exited and others deported.

Human Stories and Challenges

Behind these staggering numbers lies the individual stories of Afghan refugees, many of whom had legal ACC status. From September 2023 to April 2025, the International Organisation for Migration observed 861,763 Afghans returning home. Over 16,000 ACC holders moved in the newer phase, evidencing both voluntary journeys and those pressured by policy.

Beyond Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The operations extended beyond KP, with refugees transported from Punjab and Islamabad to temporary camps in Peshawar and Landi Kotal. These transit stations facilitated the registration process, ensuring orderly returns to Afghanistan.

A Future Unfolding

This ongoing movement is a testament to the complex dynamics of migration, politics, and humanitarian considerations in the region. As the process continues, the future of such policies remains closely watched by international bodies and rights organizations, signaling a new era for the region.

This development underscores the intricate tapestry of migration within Afghanistan and Pakistan, a narrative that continues to evolve with the actions of policymakers and the lives of affected individuals.